BPC-157Reviews & guidance
2026 · Narrative review · ReviewBPC-157 as an Investigational Peptide Therapeutic: Biopharmaceutical Challenges, Formulation Strategies, and Translational Development Barriers ↗
Literature review through April 2026
RESEARCH
Research Explorer
Find the research records that matter to you. Search by compound or topic, then separate human studies, reviews, early laboratory work and trial records.
81 records found
NAD+Reviews & guidance
2026 · Systematic review · ReviewNAD+ supplementation for anti-aging and wellness: A PRISMA-guided systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence ↗
113 eligible studies: 33 human intervention studies and 80 rodent studies
PE-22-28Registries & protocols
2026 · Trial-registry evidence checkHuman clinical-trial status ↗
No registered interventional human programme identified
AfamelanotideReviews & guidance
2025 · Regulatory benefit–risk reviewEuropean regulatory assessment and continuing monitoring ↗
Adults with confirmed erythropoietic protoporphyria
BPC-157Human research
2025 · Safety pilot · Very early human evidenceSafety of Intravenous Infusion of BPC157 in Humans: A Pilot Study ↗
2 adults who had previously received intravenous BPC-157
EpitalonPreclinical research
2025 · In-vitro mechanistic studyEpitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines ↗
Normal fibroblast and epithelial cells plus breast-cancer cell lines
MOTS-cPreclinical research
2025 · Human observational + preclinical studyMitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c prevents pancreatic islet cell senescence to delay diabetes ↗
Human type 2 diabetes samples, isolated mouse islets and several mouse diabetes/senescence models
OxytocinReviews & guidance
2025 · Regulatory prescribing informationCurrent UK obstetric product information ↗
Pregnant and postpartum patients under hospital supervision
OxytocinReviews & guidance
2025 · Systematic reviewDose-response effects on social cognition ↗
Healthy adults across intranasal studies
Thymosin Alpha-1Human research
2025 · Multicentre randomized placebo-controlled trial · Phase 3The efficacy and safety of thymosin α1 for sepsis (TESTS) ↗
1,106 adults with sepsis across 22 centres
BPC-157Human research
2024 · Uncontrolled pilot study · Uncontrolled human evidenceEffect of BPC-157 on Symptoms in Patients with Interstitial Cystitis: A Pilot Study ↗
12 women aged 39–76 with moderate-to-severe interstitial cystitis who had not responded to pentosan polysulfate
GHK-CuReviews & guidance
2024 · ReviewTopically applied GHK as an anti-wrinkle peptide: advantages, problems and prospective ↗
Published topical GHK / GHK-Cu research
TB-500Preclinical research
2024 · Direct TB-500 laboratory / animal studyTB-500 metabolism and wound-healing activity in vitro ↗
Human serum and enzyme systems, rat samples and fibroblast assays
CerebrolysinReviews & guidance
2023 · Systematic review of randomized trialsCochrane review: Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke ↗
Seven trials involving 1,773 participants
NAD+Reviews & guidance
2023 · Systematic review · ReviewEvaluation of safety and effectiveness of NAD in different clinical conditions: a systematic review ↗
Randomized clinical trials of NAD+ and NADH supplementation
RetatrutideHuman research
2023 · Randomized controlled trial · Phase 2Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes ↗
281 adults with type 2 diabetes
RetatrutideHuman research
2023 · Randomized controlled trial · Phase 2Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial ↗
338 adults with obesity, or overweight plus a weight-related condition
Thymosin Alpha-1Reviews & guidance
2023 · Systematic review and meta-analysisThymosin alpha-1 for COVID-19: systematic review and meta-analysis ↗
Hospitalized adults studied during COVID-19 across heterogeneous clinical reports
VIPHuman research
2023 · Randomized placebo-controlled multicentre trialTESICO intravenous aviptadil trial ↗
461 treated adults with COVID-19 hypoxaemic respiratory failure
RetatrutideHuman research
2022 · Randomized controlled trial · Phase 1bLY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes ↗
72 adults with type 2 diabetes
TirzepatideHuman research
2022 · Randomized controlled trial · Phase 3Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity ↗
2,539 adults with obesity or overweight plus a weight-related complication, without diabetes
VIPRegistries & protocols
2022 · Randomized placebo-controlled trial protocolInhaled aviptadil high-risk COVID-19 programme ↗
132 hospitalized adults at high risk of ARDS
BPC-157Reviews & guidance
2021 · Retrospective chart review · Uncontrolled human evidenceIntra-Articular Injection of BPC 157 for Multiple Types of Knee Pain ↗
17 patients treated at one clinic; 16 reached for telephone follow-up
CagrilintideHuman research
2021 · Randomized dose-finding trial · Phase 2Once-weekly cagrilintide for weight management in people with overweight and obesity ↗
706 participants randomized across cagrilintide 0.3–4.5 mg, liraglutide and placebo groups
LL-37Human research
2021 · Phase IIb randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialHEAL LL-37 phase IIb venous-leg-ulcer study ↗
148 people with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers
MOTS-cPreclinical research
2021 · Translational human / animal studyMOTS-c as an exercise-induced regulator of physical decline and muscle homeostasis ↗
Human exercise sampling plus young, middle-aged and old mice
NMNHuman research
2021 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialNicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women ↗
25 postmenopausal women with prediabetes who were overweight or obese
OxytocinHuman research
2021 · Randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 trialIntranasal oxytocin in children and adolescents with autism ↗
290 participants aged 3–17 years
SemaglutideHuman research
2021 · Randomized controlled trial · Phase 3Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity ↗
1,961 adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes
TesamorelinHuman research
2019 · Randomized double-blind multicentre trialEffects of tesamorelin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in HIV ↗
61 adults living with HIV and hepatic steatosis
MOTS-cPreclinical research
2018 · Mechanistic cell studyThe mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c translocates to the nucleus to regulate nuclear gene expression in response to metabolic stress ↗
Human cell systems exposed to glucose restriction and metabolic stress
NRHuman research
2018 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trialChronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults ↗
24 healthy middle-aged and older adults
SemaxHuman research
2018 · Clinical rehabilitation studySemax during early and late ischemic-stroke rehabilitation ↗
110 people assessed during early or late rehabilitation after ischemic stroke
KPVPreclinical research
2017 · Drug-delivery and animal studyOrally targeted KPV nanoparticles in experimental ulcerative colitis ↗
Cell testing and experimental mouse colitis
PE-22-28Preclinical research
2017 · Mechanistic and preclinical animal studyShortened spadin analogues: TREK-1 inhibition, stability and antidepressant activity ↗
Transfected cells, neuronal preparations and mouse behavioural models
CerebrolysinHuman research
2016 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialCARS: Cerebrolysin and early motor rehabilitation after stroke ↗
208 patients with severe arm motor impairment after acute ischaemic stroke
KPVPreclinical research
2016 · Human-tissue analysis plus mouse interventionPepT1, KPV and colitis-associated tumorigenesis ↗
Human colorectal biopsy specimens and genetically modified mouse models
AfamelanotideHuman research
2015 · Randomized multicentre placebo-controlled trialsAfamelanotide for erythropoietic protoporphyria ↗
Adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria in European and US studies
MOTS-cPreclinical research
2015 · Discovery / preclinical studyMOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance ↗
Cell systems and mouse metabolic models
NADHHuman research
2015 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialDoes oral coenzyme Q10 plus NADH supplementation improve fatigue and biochemical parameters in chronic fatigue syndrome? ↗
73 people with chronic fatigue syndrome
PinealonPreclinical research
2015 · Preclinical animal studyPinealon and Cortexin in aged rats exposed to hypoxia or hypothermia ↗
18-month-old rats in two stress models
AfamelanotideHuman research
2014 · Randomized multicentre clinical trialAfamelanotide plus narrowband UV-B phototherapy for vitiligo ↗
55 adults with stable or slowly progressive nonsegmental vitiligo
LL-37Human research
2014 · First-in-man randomized placebo-controlled trialLL-37 in hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers ↗
34 people with hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers
NAP / DavunetideHuman research
2014 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trialDavunetide in progressive supranuclear palsy ↗
313 participants with progressive supranuclear palsy across 48 centres
SelankHuman research
2014 · Clinical comparative studySelank compared with phenazepam in anxiety disorders ↗
60 patients with phobic-anxiety and somatoform disorders
TesamorelinHuman research
2014 · Randomized clinical trialEffect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV ↗
Adults living with HIV and abdominal fat accumulation
AOD-9604Reviews & guidance
2013 · Pooled clinical safety reviewSafety and tolerability of AOD-9604 in humans ↗
Participants across six randomized placebo-controlled studies
Kisspeptin-10Human research
2013 · Small proof-of-concept human studyKisspeptin-10 in hypotestosteronaemic men with type 2 diabetes ↗
Five men with type 2 diabetes and low testosterone plus healthy comparators
Thymosin Alpha-1Human research
2013 · Multicentre randomized controlled trialThymosin alpha-1 for severe sepsis (ETASS) ↗
361 adults with severe sepsis across six intensive-care centres
CerebrolysinHuman research
2012 · Large randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialCASTA: Cerebrolysin in acute ischaemic stroke in Asia ↗
1,070 patients with acute ischaemic stroke
NAP / DavunetideHuman research
2012 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialIntranasal davunetide in schizophrenia ↗
63 people with schizophrenia receiving stable antipsychotic treatment
PinealonPreclinical research
2012 · Preclinical animal studyPinealon in rat offspring exposed to prenatal hyperhomocysteinaemia ↗
Rat offspring in a prenatal methionine-loading model
TB-500Human research
2012 · Parent-molecule human evidenceFull-length thymosin β4 in dermal healing ↗
Phase 2 stasis and pressure-ulcer studies of full-length thymosin β4
Kisspeptin-10Human research
2011 · Human dose-response physiology studyKisspeptin-10 reproductive hormone release in men and women ↗
Healthy men and women across menstrual-cycle phases
Kisspeptin-10Human research
2011 · Human dose-response, bolus and infusion studyKisspeptin-10 stimulates LH and increases pulse frequency in men ↗
Healthy men
NAP / DavunetideHuman research
2011 · Randomized placebo-controlled phase 2 studyDavunetide in amnestic mild cognitive impairment ↗
144 adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment
PinealonPreclinical research
2011 · Mechanistic cell studyPinealon increases cell viability under oxidative stress ↗
Cerebellar granule cells, neutrophils and PC12 cells
NADHHuman research
2010 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trialNicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome ↗
86 people with chronic fatigue syndrome; 77 completed the study
PE-22-28Preclinical research
2010 · Foundational parent-peptide studySpadin establishes the sortilin–TREK-1 research concept ↗
Cell systems, brain slices and mouse models
TB-500Reviews & guidance
2010 · Mechanistic / preclinical review studyBiological activities of thymosin beta4 defined by active sites in short peptide sequences ↗
Short peptide sequences derived from thymosin β4
TesamorelinHuman research
2010 · Pooled randomized phase 3 trials with extension data · Phase 3Effects of tesamorelin in adults with HIV and excess abdominal fat ↗
Adults living with HIV with excess abdominal fat
KPVPreclinical research
2008 · Mechanistic cell and mouse studyPepT1-mediated tripeptide KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation ↗
Human intestinal epithelial cell systems and experimental mouse colitis
KPVPreclinical research
2008 · Comparative animal studyKPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease ↗
Two mouse models of intestinal inflammation
SelankHuman research
2008 · Randomized comparative clinical studySelank in generalized anxiety disorder and neurasthenia ↗
62 patients; Selank (30) compared with medazepam (32)
VIPHuman research
2008 · Acute haemodynamic human studyInhaled aviptadil in pulmonary hypertension ↗
20 adults with chronic pulmonary hypertension
AOD-9604Human research
2007 · Randomized placebo-controlled phase IIb studyOPTIONS phase IIb obesity programme ↗
536 enrolled adults with obesity; approximately 502 analysed
TesamorelinHuman research
2007 · Randomized placebo-controlled trial · Phase 3 developmentMetabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV ↗
412 adults with HIV and excess abdominal fat
CJC-1295Human research
2006 · Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind ascending-dose trialsProlonged stimulation of growth hormone and IGF-I secretion by CJC-1295 in healthy adults ↗
Healthy adults aged 21–61 years
GHK-CuHuman research
2006 · Randomized controlled clinical studyEffects of topical copper tripeptide complex on CO2 laser-resurfaced skin ↗
Patients undergoing circumoral CO2 laser skin resurfacing
AOD-9604Human research
2005 · Randomized placebo-controlled phase II study · abstract-level reportingTwelve-week oral AOD-9604 dose-ranging obesity study ↗
300 adults with obesity
TB-500Preclinical research
2003 · Preclinical active-site studyThe actin-binding site on thymosin beta4 promotes angiogenesis ↗
Endothelial migration, tubule formation and aortic-ring assays
EpitalonHuman research
2002 · Small regional clinical reportPineal-regulating tetrapeptide Epitalon in retinitis pigmentosa ↗
People with degenerative retinal lesions / retinitis pigmentosa
SemaxHuman research
2001 · Controlled clinical studySemax in acute hemispheric ischemic stroke ↗
30 treated patients; 80 conventionally treated controls with comparable stroke severity and location
Melanotan IIHuman research
2000 · Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover studyOrganic-risk erectile-dysfunction crossover study ↗
Ten men with erectile dysfunction and organic risk factors
IpamorelinHuman research
1999 · Dose-escalation human pharmacology studyPharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin in human volunteers ↗
Healthy male volunteers; eight subjects at each of five dose levels
Melanotan IIHuman research
1998 · Double-blind placebo-controlled crossover studyPsychogenic erectile-dysfunction crossover study ↗
Ten men with psychogenic erectile dysfunction
Thymosin Alpha-1Human research
1998 · Randomized controlled trialEfficacy of thymosin alpha-1 in chronic hepatitis B ↗
98 people with chronic hepatitis B assigned to 26 weeks, 52 weeks or untreated control
Melanotan IIHuman research
1996 · Single-blind placebo-controlled pilotPilot phase-I pigmentation study ↗
Three healthy male volunteers
DSIPHuman research
1992 · Double-blind matched-pairs studyEffects of DSIP on sleep of chronic insomniac patients ↗
16 people with chronic insomnia
GHK-CuPreclinical research
1992 · Human fibroblast laboratory studyStimulation of sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis by the tripeptide-copper complex GHK-Cu ↗
Normal human fibroblasts in culture
DSIPPreclinical research
1987 · Human sleep laboratory studyEffects of DSIP on 24-hour sleep and wakefulness ↗
Human volunteers in intermediate-term administration research